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Documents

MongoDB stores data records as BSON documents. BSON is a binary representation of JSON documents, though it contains more data types than JSON. For the BSON spec, see bsonspec.org. See also BSON Types.

Document Structure

MongoDB documents are composed of field-and-value pairs and have the following structure:

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{
   field1: value1,
   field2: value2,
   field3: value3,
   ...
   fieldN: valueN
}

The value of a field can be any of the BSON data types, including other documents, arrays, and arrays of documents. For example, the following document contains values of varying types:

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var mydoc = {
               _id: ObjectId("5099803df3f4948bd2f98391"),
               name: { first: "Alan", last: "Turing" },
               birth: new Date('Jun 23, 1912'),
               death: new Date('Jun 07, 1954'),
               contribs: [ "Turing machine", "Turing test", "Turingery" ],
               views : NumberLong(1250000)
            }

The above fields have the following data types:

• _id holds an ObjectId.
• name holds an embedded document that contains the fields first and last.
• birth and death hold values of the Date type.
• contribs holds an array of strings.
• views holds a value of the NumberLong type.

Field Names

Field names are strings.

Documents have the following restrictions on field names:

• The field name _id is reserved for use as a primary key; its value must be unique in the collection, is immutable, and may be of any type other than an array.

• Field names cannot contain the null character.

• Top-level field names cannot start with the dollar sign ($) character.

  Otherwise, starting in MongoDB 3.6, the server permits storage of field names that contain dots (i.e. .) and dollar signs (i.e. $).

  Important

  The MongoDB Query Language cannot always meaningfully express queries over documents whose field names contain these characters (see SERVER-30575).

  Until support is added in the query language, the use of $ and . in field names is not recommended and is not supported by the official MongoDB drivers.

BSON documents may have more than one field with the same name. Most MongoDB interfaces, however, represent MongoDB with a structure (e.g. a hash table) that does not support duplicate field names. If you need to manipulate documents that have more than one field with the same name, see the driver documentation for your driver.

Some documents created by internal MongoDB processes may have duplicate fields, but no MongoDB process will ever add duplicate fields to an existing user document.

Field Value Limit

MongoDB 2.6 through MongoDB versions with featureCompatibilityVersion (fCV) set to "4.0" or earlier

For indexed collections, the values for the indexed fields have a Maximum Index Key Length. See Maximum Index Key Length for details.

Dot Notation

MongoDB uses the dot notation to access the elements of an array and to access the fields of an embedded document.

Arrays

To specify or access an element of an array by the zero-based index position, concatenate the array name with the dot (.) and zero-based index position, and enclose in quotes:

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"<array>.<index>"

For example, given the following field in a document:

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{
   ...
   contribs: [ "Turing machine", "Turing test", "Turingery" ],
   ...
}

To specify the third element in the contribs array, use the dot notation "contribs.2".

For examples querying arrays, see:

• Query an Array
• Query an Array of Embedded Documents

See also

• $[] all positional operator for update operations,
• $[/<identifier/>] filtered positional operator for update operations,
• $ positional operator for update operations,
• $ projection operator when array index position is unknown
• Query an Array for dot notation examples with arrays.

Embedded Documents

To specify or access a field of an embedded document with dot notation, concatenate the embedded document name with the dot (.) and the field name, and enclose in quotes:

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"<embedded document>.<field>"

For example, given the following field in a document:

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{
   ...
   name: { first: "Alan", last: "Turing" },
   contact: { phone: { type: "cell", number: "111-222-3333" } },
   ...
}

• To specify the field named last in the name field, use the dot notation "name.last".
• To specify the number in the phone document in the contact field, use the dot notation "contact.phone.number".

For examples querying embedded documents, see:

• Query on Embedded/Nested Documents
• Query an Array of Embedded Documents

Document Limitations

Documents have the following attributes:

Document Size Limit

The maximum BSON document size is 16 megabytes.

The maximum document size helps ensure that a single document cannot use excessive amount of RAM or, during transmission, excessive amount of bandwidth. To store documents larger than the maximum size, MongoDB provides the GridFS API. See mongofiles and the documentation for your driver for more information about GridFS.

Document Field Order

MongoDB preserves the order of the document fields following write operations except for the following cases:

• The _id field is always the first field in the document.
• Updates that include renaming of field names may result in the reordering of fields in the document.

The _id Field

In MongoDB, each document stored in a collection requires a unique _id field that acts as a primary key. If an inserted document omits the _id field, the MongoDB driver automatically generates an ObjectId for the _id field.

This also applies to documents inserted through update operations with upsert: true.

The _id field has the following behavior and constraints:

• By default, MongoDB creates a unique index on the _id field during the creation of a collection.

• The _id field is always the first field in the documents. If the server receives a document that does not have the _id field first, then the server will move the field to the beginning.

• The _id field may contain values of any BSON data type, other than an array.

  Warning

  To ensure functioning replication, do not store values that are of the BSON regular expression type in the _id field.

The following are common options for storing values for _id:

• Use an ObjectId.

• Use a natural unique identifier, if available. This saves space and avoids an additional index.

• Generate an auto-incrementing number.

• Generate a UUID in your application code. For a more efficient storage of the UUID values in the collection and in the _id index, store the UUID as a value of the BSON BinData type.

  Index keys that are of the BinData type are more efficiently stored in the index if:

  • the binary subtype value is in the range of 0-7 or 128-135, and
  • the length of the byte array is: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, or 32.

• Use your driver’s BSON UUID facility to generate UUIDs. Be aware that driver implementations may implement UUID serialization and deserialization logic differently, which may not be fully compatible with other drivers. See your driver documentation for information concerning UUID interoperability.

Note

Most MongoDB driver clients will include the _id field and generate an ObjectId before sending the insert operation to MongoDB; however, if the client sends a document without an _id field, the mongod will add the _id field and generate the ObjectId.

Other Uses of the Document Structure

In addition to defining data records, MongoDB uses the document structure throughout, including but not limited to: query filters, update specifications documents, and index specification documents

Query Filter Documents

Query filter documents specify the conditions that determine which records to select for read, update, and delete operations.

You can use <field>:<value> expressions to specify the equality condition and query operator expressions.

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{
  <field1>: <value1>,
  <field2>: { <operator>: <value> },
  ...
}

For examples, see:

• Query Documents
• Query on Embedded/Nested Documents
• Query an Array
• Query an Array of Embedded Documents

Update Specification Documents

Update specification documents use update operators to specify the data modifications to perform on specific fields during an db.collection.update() operation.

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{
  <operator1>: { <field1>: <value1>, ... },
  <operator2>: { <field2>: <value2>, ... },
  ...
}

For examples, see Update specifications.

Index Specification Documents

Index specification documents define the field to index and the index type:

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{ <field1>: <type1>, <field2>: <type2>, ...  }

Further Reading

For more information on the MongoDB document model, download the MongoDB Application Modernization Guide.

The download includes the following resources:

• Presentation on the methodology of data modeling with MongoDB
• White paper covering best practices and considerations for migrating to MongoDB from an RDBMS data model
• Reference MongoDB schema with its RDBMS equivalent
• Application Modernization scorecard

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